Auction bridge bidding beyond winning the auction is pointless. The object became to make at least as many tricks as were contracted for, and penalties were introduced for failing to do so. In 1904 auction bridge was developed, in which the players bid in a competitive auction to decide the contract and declarer. Its breakthrough was its acceptance in 1894 by Lord Brougham at London's Portland Club. This game, and variants of it known as "bridge" and " bridge whist", became popular in the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1890s despite the long-established dominance of whist. It has some features in common with solo whist. īiritch had many significant bridge-like developments: dealer chose the trump suit, or nominated his partner to do so there was a call of no trumps ( biritch) dealer's partner's hand became dummy points were scored above and below the line game was 3NT, 4 ♥ and 5 ♦ (although 8 club odd tricks and 15 spade odd tricks were needed) the score could be doubled and redoubled and there were slam bonuses. Another theory is that British soldiers invented the game bridge while serving in the Crimean War, and named it after the Galata Bridge, which they crossed on their way to a coffeehouse to play cards. The word biritch is thought to be a transliteration of the Russian word Бирюч (бирчий, бирич), an occupation of a diplomatic clerk or an announcer. It and his subsequent letter to The Saturday Review dated, document the origin of Biritch as being the Russian community in Constantinople. The first rule book for bridge, dated 1886, is Biritch, or Russian Whist written by John Collinson, an English financier working in Ottoman Constantinople. Also Juan Luis Vives, in his Linguae latinae exercitio (Exercise in the Latin language) of 1539 has a dialogue on card games, where the characters play ‘Triumphus hispanicus’ (Spanish Triumph).īridge departed from whist with the creation of "Biritch" in the 19th century and evolved through the late 19th and early 20th centuries to form the present game. The French physician and author Rabelais (1493–1553) mentions a game called "La Triomphe" in one of his works.
The idea of a trick-taking 52-card game has its first documented origins in Italy and France.
John Collinson's "Biritch, or Russian Whist", 1886īridge is a member of the family of trick-taking games and is a derivative of whist, which had become the dominant such game and enjoyed a loyal following for centuries. Rubber bridge is the most popular variation for casual play, but most club and tournament play involves some variant of duplicate bridge, where the cards are not re-dealt on each occasion, but the same deal is played by two or more sets of players (or "tables") to enable comparative scoring. The deal is scored based on the number of tricks taken, the contract, and various other factors which depend to some extent on the variation of the game being played. The cards are then played, the declaring side trying to fulfill the contract, and the defenders trying to stop the declaring side from achieving its goal. During the auction, partners use their bids to also exchange information about their hands, including overall strength and distribution of the suits no other means of conveying or implying any information is permitted. The cards are dealt to the players then the players call (or bid) in an auction seeking to take the contract, specifying how many tricks the partnership receiving the contract (the declaring side) needs to take to receive points for the deal. The game consists of a number of deals, each progressing through four phases. The World Bridge Federation (WBF) is the governing body for international competitive bridge, with numerous other bodies governing it at the regional level. Millions of people play bridge worldwide in clubs, tournaments, online and with friends at home, making it one of the world's most popular card games, particularly among seniors. In its basic format, it is played by four players in two competing partnerships, with partners sitting opposite each other around a table. Very low to moderate (depending on variant played)Ĭontract bridge, or simply bridge, is a trick-taking card game using a standard 52-card deck. WBF tournament games = 7 + 1⁄ 2 minutes per deal Tactics, communication, memory, probability
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